Skopos Theory and Cultural Preservation in the Short Film Tilik (2018)

DOI:
https://doi.org/10.35719/jlic.v7i1.649Keywords:
subtitling, audiovisual translation, Javanese culture, Skopos Theory, functionalismAbstract
This study explores how Javanese cultural values are translated into English subtitles in the short film Tilik (2018). Javanese communication relies on speech levels that mark hierarchy and on politeness strategies that avoid conflict, both of which are challenging to render in English. Using a qualitative case study of 427 subtitle lines, the data were transcribed, annotated, and analyzed to identify translation strategies. The findings show that clarity and accessibility were prioritized for global viewers: speech levels were simplified into polite forms, and indirect expressions were made more direct. At the same time, some culture-specific terms were preserved, and pauses or hesitations were represented with punctuation to mimic interactional style. These results suggest that subtitling is not merely linguistic transfer but cultural negotiation, balancing fidelity to local identity with international readability. The study highlights the importance of socio-cultural awareness in subtitler training and contributes to research on subtitling in marginalized languages.
References
An, G. (2024). Domestication and foreignisation in translation studies: A review. Journal of Intercultural Communication, 24(3), 1–15. https://doi.org/10.36923/an-2024-4
Chaume, F. (2012). Audiovisual translation: Dubbing. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing.
Chalas, K., Charalabopoulou, A., Christodoulides, P., & Baltazani, M. (2024). Perceived pauses and prosodic boundaries in Modern Greek. In Proceedings of Speech Prosody 2024 (pp. 144–148).
Creswell, J. W., & Poth, C. N. (2018). Qualitative inquiry and research design: Choosing among five approaches (4th ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications.
Cresti, E., Moneglia, M., & González, M. (2023). Prosody–illocution interface: Evidence from the C-ORAL-BRASIL corpus. Journal of Pragmatics, 203, 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pragma.2022.12.013
Díaz Cintas, J., & Remael, A. (2020). Subtitling: Concepts and practices. London, UK: Routledge.
El-Farahaty, H. (2024). Translating cultural references and sensitive elements in English–Arabic subtitles. SAGE Open, 14(2), 1–12. https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241258293
Forero, R., Nahidi, S., De Costa, J., Mohsin, M., Fitzgerald, G., Gibson, N., & Aboagye-Sarfo, P. (2018). Application of four-dimension criteria to assess rigour of qualitative research in emergency medicine. BMC Health Services Research, 18(1), 120. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12913-018-2915-2
Gambier, Y., & Gottlieb, H. (Eds.). (2001). Multi-media translation: Concepts, practices, and research. Amsterdam, Netherlands: John Benjamins.
Georgakopoulou, P. (2019). AVT in the age of streaming: Challenges and opportunities. Journal of Audiovisual Translation, 2(2), 25–43. https://doi.org/10.47476/jat.v2i2.64
Huber, L. U. (2021). Audiovisual communication and subtitling from the perspective of semiotic cohesion. Respectus Philologicus, 39(44), 121–137. https://doi.org/10.15388/RESPECTUS.2021.39.44.09
Jiménez-Crespo, M. A. (2021). Crowdsourcing and AI in translation: Ethical and cultural implications. Translation Studies, 14(3), 345–361. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781700.2021.1915212
Korstjens, I., & Moser, A. (2017). Series: Practical guidance to qualitative research. Part 4: Trustworthiness and publishing. European Journal of General Practice, 23(1), 36–40. https://doi.org/10.1080/13814788.2017.1375092
Mendis, J. (2022). Caption UI/UX: Display emotive and paralinguistic information (Master’s thesis, California State University).
MotaWord. (2020, July 22). Audiovisual translation: Overcoming linguistic barriers while preserving cultural specificity. MotaWord Blog. https://www.motaword.com/blog/audiovisual-translation
Noble, H., & Heale, R. (2019). Triangulation in research, with examples. Evidence-Based Nursing, 22(3), 67–68. https://doi.org/10.1136/ebnurs-2019-103145
Nord, C. (1997). Translating as a purposeful activity: Functionalist approaches explained. Manchester, UK: St. Jerome Publishing.
Nord, C. (2001). Loyalty and fidelity in functional translation theory. Frankfurt am Main, Germany: Peter Lang.
Nordhoff, S. (2020). Language documentation with ELAN and FLEX. Language Documentation & Conservation, 14, 1–15.
Nowell, L. S., Norris, J. M., White, D. E., & Moules, N. J. (2017). Thematic analysis: Striving to meet the trustworthiness criteria. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 16(1), 1–13. https://doi.org/10.1177/1609406917733847
Pérez-González, L. (2020). Audiovisual translation. In L. Pérez-González (Ed.), The Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies (pp. 32–40). London, UK: Routledge.
Prompan, J. (2024). Culture-specific items and translation strategies in The Blind Earthworm in the Labyrinth. Rajabhat Journal of Humanities and Social Sciences, 21(1), 33–47.
Rahmani, K. (2024). The transfer of culture-specific items in subtitling. Journal of Translation and Language Studies, 5(2), 55–72. https://doi.org/10.47476/jtls.v5i2.412
Saad, C. (2023). Between domestication and foreignization: A study of translation strategies. Languages, 8(4), 273. https://doi.org/10.3390/languages8040273
The Language Archive. (2023). ELAN: Linguistic annotator (Version 7.0) [Computer software]. Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics. https://archive.mpi.nl/tla/elan
“Visible Nuances” Project. (2023). A caption system to visualize paralinguistic speech cues. Proceedings/Preprint. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2304.05678
Varpio, L., Ajjawi, R., Monrouxe, L. V., O’Brien, B. C., & Rees, C. E. (2017). Shedding the cobra effect: Problematising thematic emergence, triangulation, saturation and member checking. Medical Education, 51(1), 40–50. https://doi.org/10.1111/medu.13124
Venuti, L. (1995). The translator’s invisibility: A history of translation. London, UK: Routledge.
Vermeer, H. J. (1989). Skopos and commission in translational action. In A. Chesterman (Ed.), Readings in translation theory (pp. 173–187). Helsinki, Finland: Oy Finn Lectura Ab.
Yahiaoui, R., & Fattah, A. (2020). Shifts in transadapting Western socio-cultural references for dubbing into Arabic: A case study of The Simpsons and Al-Shamshoon. inTRAlinea, 22. https://www.intralinea.org/specials/article/2521
Zheng, Y., & Liang, J. (2022). ELAN: A powerful multimodal annotation tool for linguistic research. Journal of Language Technology and Research, 6(2), 88–96.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2025 Niken Paramita, Riza Adi Sampurna

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.